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_____ refers to the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others.


A) Coregulation
B) Social stratification
C) Resocialization
D) Social cognition

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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According to Freud, children in the middle years are in the oral stage.

A) True
B) False

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According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 0:


A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Identify a true statement about children in middle childhood.


A) By middle childhood, children can compare themselves with other children and, unlike preschoolers, can arrive at a more honest and critical self-appraisal.
B) Children's self-esteem rises throughout middle childhood, reaching a peak at 12 or 13.
C) Children with low self-esteem tend to have parents who are restrictive, while children with a favorable self-image are more likely to have authoritarian parents.
D) During middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concepts in math and physical appearance than boys.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following examples illustrates an internal attribution style?


A) Kim quits ballet dancing as she feels clumsy and thinks she will never be able to master it.
B) Rupert is confused and cannot decide whether to take up soccer, swimming, or skating.
C) Kenny decides to try the latest recreational drug popular on the school campus.
D) Ania resolves to study harder after receiving less than average grades at school.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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In a research by Green in 1978, it was found that most children who were being reared or had been reared by lesbians or transgendered parents__________.


A) did not report any preference for clothes that were typical for their gender
B) were bisexual in orientation
C) reported preferences for toys that were typical for their gender
D) were homosexual in orientation

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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When children share troubling ideas and experiences with peers, they realize they are normal and not alone.

A) True
B) False

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