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Exam 22: Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics

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Question 21

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Describe the epigenetic changes that occur in cells during development and the role they play in differentiation of cell types within a multicellular organism.

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During development, epigenetic changes p...

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Question 22

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Which of the following genes determines the identity of individual segments during development?

A) bicoid
B) nanos
C) cactus
D) disheveled
E) dorsal

F) None of the above
G) A) and C)

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Question 23

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In wild-type flowering plants, carpel development is determined by what class of gene products?

Activin is a protein that normally exists in a gradient within certain tissues in developing embryos. Certain undifferentiated cells cultured without activin produce epidermal cells. However, activin induces these same cells to adopt other fates (e.g., blood, muscle, heart) , depending on the concentration of activin. Based on these observations, activin acts as a(n) :

Which of the following is the CORRECT order of gene groups expressed in normal Drosophila development? 1. Gap genes 2) Homeotic genes 3) Pair-rule genes 4) Segment-polarity genes 5) Egg-polarity genes

Which of the following statements accurately describes antibodies?

List at least two processes involved in apoptosis that are controlled by caspases.

Epigenetic changes in development are important in that the gene expression of cells that make up a particular organ or tissue type is often defined by epigenetic markers. Which of the following epigenetic regulations is known to cause more long-term gene silencing during the course of development?

What is an autoimmune disease?

Regulation of apoptosis involves initial activation of the enzymes called _____, which act as proteases that can trigger a cascade of cellular protein degradation, bringing about eventual DNA fragmentation.

Use the following to answer questions The diagram below illustrates the normal expression of three different groups of genes (A, B, and C) within four different whorls of a developing flower. Normally, whorl 1 produces sepals, whorl 2 produces petals, whorl 3 produces stamens, and whorl 4 produces carpels. Furthermore, expression of class A genes inhibits class C genes, and expression of class C inhibits class A. -What kind of mutation would produce sepals in whorls 1 and 2 and carpels in whorls 3 and 4?

Which of the following choices lists the CORRECT sequence of gene expression during Drosophila development? 1. Segmentation genes 2) Egg-polarity genes 3) Homeotic genes

The development of the nematode worm C. elegans is highly reproducible. During development of the hermaphrodite, 1090 somatic cells are generated, but only 959 somatic cells are found in the mature adult. What is the MOST likely explanation for the change in cell number given its reproducibility?

Use the following to answer questions The diagram below illustrates the normal expression of three different groups of genes (A, B, and C) within four different whorls of a developing flower. Normally, whorl 1 produces sepals, whorl 2 produces petals, whorl 3 produces stamens, and whorl 4 produces carpels. Furthermore, expression of class A genes inhibits class C genes, and expression of class C inhibits class A. -What kind of mutation would produce sepals in whorls 1 and 4 and petals in whorls 2 and 3?

What are Hox genes?

(a) Explain briefly the roles of Bicoid and Nanos proteins in determining the anterior-posterior axis of the fruit-fly embryo. (b) Explain how the Bicoid and Nanos protein gradients are established in the fruit-fly embryo. (c) Bicoid mutant embryos lack head structures and instead have structures at the anterior end of the embryo that are characteristic of the posterior end. Propose an explanation of this phenotype.

A flower is made up of four concentric rings of modified leaves called whorls. Which of the following lists the individual whorls in CORRECT order going from the outside toward the inside of the flower?

What is meant by the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"? Is this an accurate statement?

A lymphocyte pool plays a role in which process?

Use the following to answer questions In the late 1940s Edward Lewis discovered mutations in the Antennapedia gene that lead to legs developing on the head of a fly instead of antenna. These mutations are dominant and lead to ectopic expression of the Antennapedia gene. -Certain mutations in the Antennapedia gene can lead to antenna developing in a mesothoracic segment where legs should have developed. What characteristics would you expect from this class of mutations? (Select all that apply.)