Question 1

Match the DNA sequencing technology to its primary disadvantage
-Roche 454 sequencing

Accepted Answer

A)   Only single molecules can be sequenced at once.
B)   High cost for the amount of sequence produced
C)   Short sequence readsD) A) and C)
E) A) and B)

Question 2

Orthologs are different members of the same gene family within an organism, whereas paralogs are genes in different species that have shared ancestry, encode similar proteins, and have similar functions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Genome size and chromosome number tend to increase with organism complexity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

In an evolutionary context, what is fitness?

Accepted Answer

A)   The likelihood that an organism will survive and reproduce successfully in a given environment
B)   The ability of an organism to pass on the propensity to produce more offspring
C)   The genetic changes that increase the number of offspring produced by an organism
D)   The speed at which an organism can produce offspring in a specific environmentE) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 5

The two chromosomes in one pair are referred to as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   Homologous
B)   Alleles
C)   Centromeres
D)   Sister chromatidsE) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following phenomena results in the largest change of genome size?

Accepted Answer

A)   Polyploidization
B)   Gene loss
C)   Horizontal gene transfer
D)   Gene family expansionE) B) and C)
F) A) and B) A

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding natural selection are true? Please select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Genotypes increasing in frequency in a population are under positive selection.
B)   Gene sequences must change for natural selection to occur.
C)   Selection strength is not affected by the environment.
D)   Phenotype must be affected for natural selection to act on genetic changes.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

Match the DNA sequencing technology to its primary disadvantage
-Sanger dideoxy sequencing

Accepted Answer

A)   Only single molecules can be sequenced at once.
B)   High cost for the amount of sequence produced
C)   Short sequence readsD) All of the above
E) A) and B) A

Question 9

What is copy number variation?

Accepted Answer

A)   A substitution of a base for a different base
B)   A sequence that is found in one species but is missing in another species
C)   A difference in the amount of a specific DNA sequence found in different individuals or species
D)   Duplication of a genomeE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 10

During which of the following processes can genes be duplicated?

Accepted Answer

A)   Replication
B)   Transcription
C)   Translation
D)   SplicingE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 11

What is a genetic locus?

Accepted Answer

A)   A place in a genome where a gene resides
B)   A map of all gene positions in a genome
C)   A distance between positions on a genome
D)   A specific geneE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Which of the following are examples of biological redundancy? Please select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   There is more than one codon for most amino acids
B)   Gene families have multiple genes with the same/similar functions
C)   Multiple pathways exist to carry out a function
D)   In humans, there are two alleles of most genesE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

Which of the following statements about bacteria are true? Please select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Bacteria usually have nuclei
B)   Bacterial chromosomes are usually larger than plasmids
C)   Bacterial chromosomes are usually circular
D)   Bacteria usually have multiple chromosomesE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

Which if the following features is not characteristic of histones

Accepted Answer

A)   Histones have a negative charge
B)   Histones form an octamer
C)   A nucleosome consists of DNA plus a core histone particle
D)   Histones are highly conservedE) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 15

Which of the following is the major contributing factor to phenotypic differences between individuals of the same species?

Accepted Answer

A)   Variation in amino acid sequences
B)   Variation in regulatory sequences
C)   Variation in splicing
D)   Variation in novel genesE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 16

Match the DNA sequencing technology to its primary disadvantage
-Illumina sequencing

Accepted Answer

A)   Only single molecules can be sequenced at once.
B)   High cost for the amount of sequence produced
C)   Short sequence readsD) A) and B)
E) A) and C)

Question 17

Which of the following factors is not considered to be a fundamental property of a gene.

Accepted Answer

A)   Genes are alleles
B)   Genes consist of DNA sequences
C)   Genes are inherited
D)   Genes are expressedE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 18

Where can extrachromosomal DNA be found in eukaryotes? Please select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Chloroplasts
B)   Plasmids
C)   Mitochondria
D)   RibosomesE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following characteristics is not true of gene families?

Accepted Answer

A)   The number of paralogs usually varies widely between individuals in a species
B)   Gene families arise through gene duplications
C)   Functional divergence can arise in gene families because there is no loss of fitness when the function of one copy changes.
D)   The original functions of a gene can be split between two paralogs in a gene family.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 20

What is a pseudogene?

Accepted Answer

A)   A non-functional gene
B)   A paralogous gene
C)   A member of a gene family
D)   A protein domainE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Exam 3: Genome Structure, Organization, and Variation

Match the DNA sequencing technology to its primary disadvantage -Roche 454 sequencing

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Orthologs are different members of the same gene family within an organism, whereas paralogs are genes in different species that have shared ancestry, encode similar proteins, and have similar functions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Genome size and chromosome number tend to increase with organism complexity.

Correct AnswerverifiedFalse

In an evolutionary context, what is fitness?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The two chromosomes in one pair are referred to as which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following phenomena results in the largest change of genome size?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Which of the following statements regarding natural selection are true? Please select all that apply.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Match the DNA sequencing technology to its primary disadvantage -Sanger dideoxy sequencing

Correct AnswerverifiedA

What is copy number variation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During which of the following processes can genes be duplicated?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is a genetic locus?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are examples of biological redundancy? Please select all that apply.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements about bacteria are true? Please select all that apply.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which if the following features is not characteristic of histones

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is the major contributing factor to phenotypic differences between individuals of the same species?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Match the DNA sequencing technology to its primary disadvantage -Illumina sequencing

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following factors is not considered to be a fundamental property of a gene.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Where can extrachromosomal DNA be found in eukaryotes? Please select all that apply.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following characteristics is not true of gene families?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is a pseudogene?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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