Question 1

Vanadium, a trace element widely distributed in nature, comes from the bluish salt of vanadium acid discovered in 1801 by Spanish chemist Andrés Manuel del Río.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Inosine stimulates glucagon release to slow myocardial glucose delivery to the myocardium.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) .

Accepted Answer

A)   Accelerate resting heart rate
B)   Elevate resting systolic blood pressure
C)   Have more than 22 carbons along the fatty acid chain
D)   Increased serum uric acid levels in the kidney tubulesE) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 4

PCr serves as the cells' "energy reservoir" to provide rapid __________ to resynthesize ATP in the reversible creatine kinase reaction.

Accepted Answer

A)   creatine as a nitrogen source
B)   intermuscular energy sources
C)   ATP bond energy
D)   phosphate-bond energyE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

l-Carnitine is a vasoconstrictor and decreases blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

No research documents an ergogenic effect of vanadium supplementation, and extreme intake produces toxic effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A Russian zoologist, Ilya Mechnikov working in the Pasteur Institute in Paris shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with German physician and scientist Paul Ehrlich for work __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   demonstrating that beneficial microbes have insulin-like properties
B)   demonstrating that beneficial microbes can replace harmful ones to treat intestinal illnesses
C)   demonstrating that beneficial microbes modulate probiotic antigens
D)   demonstrating that beneficial microbes decrease humoral and cellular immunityE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 8

Less than 60 minutes of intense exercise requires extremely high levels of carbohydrate intake and glycogen reserves.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 9

Not an essential nutrient

Accepted Answer

A)   12- to 18-carbon long-chain fatty acid
B)   Inosine
C)   ATP
D)   CarnitineE) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

Targeted immunonutrients (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids, arginine, glutamine, nucleotides) to boost immune system function, improve wound healing, and reduce markers of inflammation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Creatine supplementation __________ high level aerobic energy transfer.

Accepted Answer

A)   slightly improves
B)   dramatically improves
C)   decreases
D)   does not improveE) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 12

Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase __________ by as much as 2.4 kilograms.

Accepted Answer

A)   body mass
B)   bench press capabilities
C)   urine production
D)   plasma volumeE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

The expression "hitting the wall" during endurance activities describes fatigue and discomfort in the active muscles coinciding with severe __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   fat depletion
B)   glycogen depletion
C)   protein depletion
D)   accumulation of lactate in the bloodE) B) and C)
F) C) and D) B

Question 14

This compound, found primarily in meats, peanuts, and soybean oil, functions in the mitochondrion's electron transport system of oxidative phosphorylation.

Accepted Answer

A)   Chromium picolinate
B)   l-carnitine
C)   Creatine monohydrate
D)   Coenzyme Q10E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Research generally indicates ergogenic benefits, positive metabolic alterations, and body fat-reducing effects from l-carnitine supplementation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Successful operative outcomes often depend on an optimal nutritional state, which preoperative dietary restrictions often compromise.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Research remains inconclusive about the endurance-enhancing effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol supplementation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Chromium potentiates glucagon function.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The insolubility of MCFAs enables them to transport rapidly across the intestinal mucosa directly into the liver from the portal vein without necessity of chylomicron transport required for medium-chain triacylglycerols.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 20

Which of the following alleged health benefits of probiotics is most credible?

Accepted Answer

A)   Prevents colon cancer
B)   Reduces plasma cholesterol levels
C)   Lowers frequency and duration of diarrhea associated with antibiotics
D)   Reduces Helicobacter pylori infectionE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Exam 12: Nutritional Ergogenic Aids Evaluated

Vanadium, a trace element widely distributed in nature, comes from the bluish salt of vanadium acid discovered in 1801 by Spanish chemist Andrés Manuel del Río.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Inosine stimulates glucagon release to slow myocardial glucose delivery to the myocardium.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

PCr serves as the cells' "energy reservoir" to provide rapid __________ to resynthesize ATP in the reversible creatine kinase reaction.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

l-Carnitine is a vasoconstrictor and decreases blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

No research documents an ergogenic effect of vanadium supplementation, and extreme intake produces toxic effects.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A Russian zoologist, Ilya Mechnikov working in the Pasteur Institute in Paris shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with German physician and scientist Paul Ehrlich for work __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Less than 60 minutes of intense exercise requires extremely high levels of carbohydrate intake and glycogen reserves.

Correct AnswerverifiedFalse

Not an essential nutrient

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Targeted immunonutrients (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids, arginine, glutamine, nucleotides) to boost immune system function, improve wound healing, and reduce markers of inflammation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Creatine supplementation __________ high level aerobic energy transfer.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase __________ by as much as 2.4 kilograms.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The expression "hitting the wall" during endurance activities describes fatigue and discomfort in the active muscles coinciding with severe __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedB

This compound, found primarily in meats, peanuts, and soybean oil, functions in the mitochondrion's electron transport system of oxidative phosphorylation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research generally indicates ergogenic benefits, positive metabolic alterations, and body fat-reducing effects from l-carnitine supplementation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Successful operative outcomes often depend on an optimal nutritional state, which preoperative dietary restrictions often compromise.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research remains inconclusive about the endurance-enhancing effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol supplementation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Chromium potentiates glucagon function.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The insolubility of MCFAs enables them to transport rapidly across the intestinal mucosa directly into the liver from the portal vein without necessity of chylomicron transport required for medium-chain triacylglycerols.

Correct AnswerverifiedFalse

Which of the following alleged health benefits of probiotics is most credible?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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False

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B

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False

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