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Defensins are short cationic peptides that:


A) are produced by skin, GI-tract, and lung cells for defense when stimulated
B) bind to specific protein receptors to gain entry into microbial cells
C) are only produced by phagocytes upon activation
D) inhibit microbial DNA synthesis
E) are equally effective at killing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

F) C) and D)
G) D) and E)

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A woman falls and suffers a cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating microbes contaminating the cut?


A) mucociliary elevator
B) normal skin flora
C) acidic skin secretions
D) lysozyme
E) phagocytosis and the inflammatory response

F) All of the above
G) A) and E)

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Which of the following is rarely normal flora of the distal urethra?


A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Bacteroides spp.
C) Mycobacterium spp.
D) Escherichia coli
E) Peptostreptococcus spp.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Which of the following innate immunity mechanisms is mismatched with its associated structure or body fluid?


A) lysozyme-tears and saliva
B) mucociliary elevator-intestines
C) highly acidic pH-stomach
D) acidic pH, sebum, fatty acids-skin
E) low pH-urogenital tract

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Discuss how Propionibacterium acnes-an anaerobic Gram-positive normal flora of the skin-causes acne, especially in teenagers.

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It is a normal microbial resident of the...

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Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were detected in a patient's serum. This indicates:


A) mucosal IgA has been degraded
B) B lymphocyte activation
C) a macrophage has encountered an antigen
D) cancer cells are forming
E) natural killer cells have autolyzed

F) B) and E)
G) C) and D)

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Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?


A) adenoids
B) appendix
C) Peyer's patches
D) thymus
E) tonsils

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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What is the biology underlying the condition of lupus, and how could the symptoms of lupus be lessened on the cellular level?

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Neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs,...

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Which of the following, produced by natural killer cells, punctures the membrane of target cells, causing them to burst?


A) perforins
B) trypsins
C) maganins
D) lysins
E) defensins

F) B) and C)
G) B) and D)

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